8 Mathematical Practices MP.1 Make Sense of Problems and Persevere in Solving Them MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3 Construct Viable Arguments and Critique the Reasoning of Others MP.4 Model with Mathematics MP.6 Attend to Precision MP.7 Look For and Make Use of Structure MP.8 Look For and Express Regularity in Repeated Reasoning
Unit 1: Introduction to Functions and Equations 8.EE.7 Solve linear equations in one variable. a. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form x = a, a = a, or a = b results (where a and b are different numbers). b. Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and collecting like terms.
8.F.1 Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output.
8.F.5 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph (e.g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear). Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.
NC.M1.A-CED.1 Create equations and inequalities in one variable that represent linear, exponential, and quadratic relationships and use them to solve problems.
NC.M1.A-CED.4 Solve for a quantity of interest in formulas used in science and mathematics using the same reasoning as in solving equations.
NC.M1.A-REI.1 Justify a chosen solution method and each step of the solving process for linear and quadratic equations using mathematical reasoning.
NC.M1.A-REI.3 Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable.
NC.M1.F-IF.1 Build an understanding that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range by recognizing that:
if f is a function and x is an element of its domain, then 𝑓(𝑥) denotes the output of f corresponding to the input x.
the graph of 𝑓is the graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
NC.M1.F-IF.2 Use function notation to evaluate linear, quadratic, and exponential functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context.
NC.M1.F-IF.3 Recognize that recursively and explicitly defined sequences are functions whose domain is a subset of the integers, the terms of an arithmetic sequence are a subset of the range of a linear function, and the terms of a geometric sequence are a subset of the range of an exponential function.
NC.M1.F-IF.4 Interpret key features of graphs, tables, and verbal descriptions in context to describe functions that arise in applications relating two quantities, including: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; and maximums and minimums.
NC.M1.F-IF.5 Interpret a function in terms of the context by relating its domain and range to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
NC.M1.F-IF.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change over a specified interval for a function presented numerically, graphically, and/or symbolically.
Unit 2: Linear Functions 8.F.2 Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For example, given a linear function represented by a table of values and a linear function represented by an algebraic expression, determine which function has the greater rate of change.
8.F.3 Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear. For example, the function A = s2 giving the area of a square as a function of its side length is not linear because its graph contains the points (1,1), (2,4) and (3,9), which are not on a straight line.
8.F.4 Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description of a relationship or from two (x, y) values, including reading these from a table or from a graph. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models, and in terms of its graph or a table of values.
8.SP.1 Construct and interpret scatter plots for bi-variate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.
8.SP.2 Know that straight lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear association, informally fit a straight line, and informally assess the model fit by judging the closeness of the data points to the line.
8.SP.3 Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bi-variate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept. For example, in a linear model for a biology experiment, interpret a slope of 1.5 cm/hr as meaning that an additional hour of sunlight each day is associated with an additional 1.5 cm in mature plant height.
NC.M1.A-CED.2 Create and graph equations in two variables to represent linear, exponential, and quadratic relationships between quantities.
NC.M1.A-REI.10 Understand that the graph of a two variable equation represents the set of all solutions to the equation.
NC.M1.A-REI.11 Build an understanding of why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of two linear, exponential, and/or quadratic equations 𝑦 = (𝑥) and 𝑦 = (𝑥) intersect are the solutions of the equation (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) and approximate solutions using graphing technology or successive approximations with a table of values.
NC.M1.A-SSE.1a Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. a. Identify and interpret parts of a linear, exponential, or quadratic expression, including terms, factors, coefficients, and exponents.
NC.M1.A-SSE.1b Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. b) Interpret a linear, exponential, or quadratic expression made of multiple parts as a combination of entities to give meaning to an expression.
NC.M1.F-BF.1a Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities. a) Build linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two ordered pairs (include reading these from a table).
NC.M1.F-BF.1b Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities. b) Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities by combining linear, exponential, or quadratic functions with addition and subtraction or two linear functions with multiplication.
NC.M1.F-BF.2 Translate between explicit and recursive forms of arithmetic and geometric sequences and use both to model situations.
NC.M1.F-IF.2 Use function notation to evaluate linear, quadratic, and exponential functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context.
NC.M1.F-IF.3 Recognize that recursively and explicitly defined sequences are functions whose domain is a subset of the integers, the terms of an arithmetic sequence are a subset of the range of a linear function, and the terms of a geometric sequence are a subset of the range of an exponential function.
NC.M1.F-IF.4 Interpret key features of graphs, tables, and verbal descriptions in context to describe functions that arise in applications relating two quantities, including: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; and maximums and minimums.
NC.M1.F-IF.5 Interpret a function in terms of the context by relating its domain and range to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
NC.M1.F-IF.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change over a specified interval for a function presented numerically, graphically, and/or symbolically.
NC.M1.F-IF.7 Analyze linear, exponential, and quadratic functions by generating different representations, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases, to show key features, including: domain and range; rate of change; intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; maximums and minimums; and end behavior.
NC.M1.F-IF.9 Compare key features of two functions (linear, quadratic, or exponential) each with a different representation (symbolically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
NC.M1.F-LE.1 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear and exponential functions, and justify the most appropriate model for a situation based on the rate of change over equal intervals.
NC.M1.F-LE.5 Interpret the parameters 𝑎 and 𝑏 in a linear function f(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 or an exponential function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏x in terms of a context.
NC.M1.S-ID.6a Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related. a) Fit a least squares regression line to linear data using technology. Use the fitted function to solve problems.
NC.M1.S-ID.6b Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related. b) Assess the fit of a linear function by analyzing residuals.
NC.M1.S-ID.7 Interpret in context the rate of change and the intercept of a linear model. Use the linear model to interpolate and extrapolate predicted values. Assess the validity of a predicted value.
NC.M1.S-ID.8 Analyze patterns and describe relationships between two variables in context. Using technology, determine the correlation coefficient of bivariate data and interpret it as a measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship. Use a scatter plot, correlation coefficient, and a residual plot to determine the appropriateness of using a linear function to model a relationship between two variables.
NC.M1.S-ID.9 Distinguish between association and causation. Unit 3: Systems of Equations and Inequalities 8.EE.8 Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations. a. Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs, because points of intersection satisfy both equations simultaneously. b. Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically, and estimate solutions by graphing the equations. Solve simple cases by inspection. c. Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.
8.G.6 Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.
8.G.7 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.
8.G.8 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.
NC.M1.A-CED.2 Create and graph equations in two variables to represent linear, exponential, and quadratic relationships between quantities.
NC.M1.A-CED.3 Create systems of linear equations and inequalities to model situations in context.
NC.M1.A-REI.10 Understand that the graph of a two variable equation represents the set of all solutions to the equation.
NC.M1.A-REI.12 Represent the solutions of a linear inequality or a system of linear inequalities graphically as a region of the plane.
NC.M1.A-REI.5 Explain why replacing one equation in a system of linear equations by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions.
NC.M1.A-REI.6 Use tables, graphs, or algebraic methods (substitution and elimination) to find approximate or exact solutions to systems of linear equations and interpret solutions in terms of a context.
NC.M1.G-GPE.4 Use coordinates to solve geometric problems involving polygons algebraically:
Use coordinates to compute perimeters of polygons and areas of triangles and rectangles.
Use coordinates to verify algebraically that a given set of points produces a particular type of triangle or quadrilateral.
NC.M1.G-GPE.5 Use coordinates to prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve problems.
Determine if two lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
Find the equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point.
NC.M1.G-GPE.6 Use coordinates to find the midpoint or endpoint of a line segment. Instructional GuideUnit 4: Exponential Functions N.M1.F-IF.3 Recognize that recursively and explicitly defined sequences are functions whose domain is a subset of the integers, the terms of an arithmetic sequence are a subset of the range of a linear function, and the terms of a geometric sequence are a subset of the range of an exponential function. NC.1.N-RN.2 Rewrite algebraic expressions with integer exponents using the properties of exponents. NC.M1.A-CED.2 Create and graph equations in two variables to represent linear, exponential, and quadratic relationships between quantities.
NC.M1.A-REI.11 Build an understanding of why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of two linear, exponential, and/or quadratic equations 𝑦 = (𝑥) and 𝑦 = (𝑥) intersect are the solutions of the equation (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) and approximate solutions using graphing technology or successive approximations with a table of values.
NC.M1.A-SSE.1a Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. a) Identify and interpret parts of a linear, exponential, or quadratic expression, including terms, factors, coefficients, and exponents.
NC.M1.A-SSE.1b Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. b) Interpret a linear, exponential, or quadratic expression made of multiple parts as a combination of entities to give meaning to an expression.
NC.M1.F-BF.1a Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities. a) Build linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two ordered pairs (include reading these from a table).
NC.M1.F-BF.1b Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities. b) Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities by combining linear, exponential, or quadratic functions with addition and subtraction or two linear functions with multiplication. NC.M1.F-BF.2 Translate between explicit and recursive forms of arithmetic and geometric sequences and use both to model situations. NC.M1.F-IF.2 Use function notation to evaluate linear, quadratic, and exponential functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context. NC.M1.F-IF.4 Interpret key features of graphs, tables, and verbal descriptions in context to describe functions that arise in applications relating two quantities, including: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; and maximums and minimums.
NC.M1.F-IF.5 Interpret a function in terms of the context by relating its domain and range to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
NC.M1.F-IF.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change over a specified interval for a function presented numerically, graphically, and/or symbolically.
NC.M1.F-IF.7 Analyze linear, exponential, and quadratic functions by generating different representations, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases, to show key features, including: domain and range; rate of change; intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; maximums and minimums; and end behavior. NC.M1.F-IF.8b Use equivalent expressions to reveal and explain different properties of a function. b) Interpret and explain growth and decay rates for an exponential function. NC.M1.F-IF.9 Compare key features of two functions (linear, quadratic, or exponential) each with a different representation (symbolically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). NC.M1.F-LE.1 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear and exponential functions, and justify the most appropriate model for a situation based on the rate of change over equal intervals.
NC.M1.F-LE.3 Compare the end behavior of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions using graphs and tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly or quadratically.
NC.M1.F-LE.5 Interpret the parameters 𝑎 and 𝑏 in a linear function f(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 or an exponential function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏xin terms of a context. NC.M1.S-ID.6c Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related. c) Fit a function to exponential data using technology. Use the fitted function to solve problems.
Unit 5: Quadratic Functions NC.M1.A-APR.1 Build an understanding that operations with polynomials are comparable to operations with integers by adding and subtracting quadratic expressions and by adding, subtracting, and multiplying linear expressions. NC.M1.A-APR.3 Understand the relationships among the factors of a quadratic expression, the solutions of a quadratic equation, and the zeros of a quadratic function. NC.M1.A-CED.2 Create and graph equations in two variables to represent linear, exponential, and quadratic relationships between quantities. NC.M1.A-REI.1 Justify a chosen solution method and each step of the solving process for linear and quadratic equations using mathematical reasoning. NC.M1.A-REI.11 Build an understanding of why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of two linear, exponential, and/or quadratic equations 𝑦 = (𝑥) and 𝑦 = (𝑥) intersect are the solutions of the equation (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) and approximate solutions using graphing technology or successive approximations with a table of values. NC.M1.A-REI.4 Solve for the real solutions of quadratic equations in one variable by taking square roots and factoring. NC.M1.A-SSE.1a Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. a) Identify and interpret parts of a linear, exponential, or quadratic expression, including terms, factors, coefficients, and exponents. NC.M1.A-SSE.1b Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. b) Interpret a linear, exponential, or quadratic expression made of multiple parts as a combination of entities to give meaning to an expression. NC.M1.A-SSE.3 Write an equivalent form of a quadratic expression, 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥+ 𝑐, where a is an integer, by factoring to reveal the solutions of the equation or the zeros of the function the expression defines. NC.M1.F-BF.1b Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities. b) Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities by combining linear, exponential, or quadratic functions with addition and subtraction or two linear functions with multiplication.
NC.M1.F-IF.2 Use function notation to evaluate linear, quadratic, and exponential functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context. NC.M1.F-IF.4 Interpret key features of graphs, tables, and verbal descriptions in context to describe functions that arise in applications relating two quantities, including: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; and maximums and minimums. NC.M1.F-IF.5 Interpret a function in terms of the context by relating its domain and range to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. NC.M1.F-IF.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change over a specified interval for a function presented numerically, graphically, and/or symbolically.
NC.M1.F-IF.7 Analyze linear, exponential, and quadratic functions by generating different representations, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases, to show key features, including: domain and range; rate of change; intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; maximums and minimums; and end behavior. NC.M1.F-IF.8a Use equivalent expressions to reveal and explain different properties of a function. a) Rewrite a quadratic function to reveal and explain different key features of the function NC.M1.F-IF.9 Compare key features of two functions (linear, quadratic, or exponential) each with a different representation (symbolically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). NC.M1.F-LE.3 Compare the end behavior of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions using graphs and tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly or quadratically. Unit 6: One-Variable Statistics 8.SP.4 Understand that patterns of association can also be seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a two-way table. Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables collected from the same subjects. Use relative frequencies calculated for rows or columns to describe possible association between the two variables. For example, collect data from students in your class on whether or not they have a curfew on school nights and whether or not they have assigned chores at home. Is there evidence that those who have a curfew also tend to have chores? NC.M1.S-ID.1 Use technology to represent data with plots on the real number line (histograms and box plots). NC.M1.S-ID.2 Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets. Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets. NC.M1.S-ID.3 Examine the effects of extreme data points (outliers) on shape, center, and/or spread.